A Pattern Language
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1
Independent Regions
Large regions should govern themselves, small enough that people can identify with them.
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The Distribution of Towns
Distribute settlements of all sizes evenly across a region so no area is starved or overwhelmed.
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City Country Fingers
Interlock country and city so no home is more than a few minutes from open land.
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Ecological Suitability Zoning
Zone land based on ecological suitability and function rather than arbitrary boundaries.
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Limit Urban Sprawl
Reduce urban sprawl to prevent negative impacts on community, health, and happiness.
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Organic Urban Growth
Cities should grow and evolve organically, allowing for adaptation to the needs of residents rather than following a rigid master plan.
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Agricultural Valleys
Protect fertile valleys absolutely; build only on the hills and ridges around them.
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Integration with Nature
Urban environments should incorporate natural elements to enhance livability and human well-being.
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Lace of Country Streets
Rural roads form a loose lacework, not a grid, following the land and connecting hamlets.
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Country Towns
Keep small country towns alive by supporting their local economies instead of absorbing them.
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The Countryside
All land outside cities belongs to the common wild — tended, not owned for exclusion.
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Mosaic of Subcultures
A city is strongest when it is a patchwork of distinct small subcultures, each with its own character.
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Community Involvement in Design
Involve local communities in the design process of public spaces to reflect local needs and desires.
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Community-Oriented Development
Urban development should prioritize the needs and input of local communities to ensure relevance and resonance.
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Diverse Building Design
Jacobs observed that aesthetic diversity in building design along a street contributes significantly to its charm and interest.
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Integrated Planning for Resilience
Plan urban development to be resilient by integrating ecological, social, and infrastructural systems.
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Promote Small-Scale Variability
Introduce small-scale differences and details into urban spaces to resist uniformity.
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Varied Pavement
Use varied pavement textures and materials in squares to define areas and guide movement.
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Scattered Work
Workplaces should be sprinkled throughout the city, not zoned away into a distant district.
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Compact Urban Form
Encourage compact urban forms to optimize land use and reduce sprawl.
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Magic of the City
Everyone needs occasional access to the dense, strange, intense center of a real metropolis.
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Community Input in Street Design
Involve local community members in the process of designing and planning their streets.
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Preservation of Diversity
Diverse architectural styles and functions should be preserved to maintain cultural richness and community resilience.
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Local Transport Areas
Define zones where local travel happens on foot, bike, or low-speed vehicle, with cars excluded.
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Resident-Led Speed Management
Enable residents to participate in planning and monitoring traffic calming on their streets.
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Community of 7000
Political community at around seven thousand people — small enough for voices to carry.
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City as a Living Organism
A city should be viewed and managed as a living organism that requires care, adaptation, and balanced growth.
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Cultivate Insideness
Encourage a deep understanding and emotional connection to a place to counteract the effects of placelessness.
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Encourage Local Participation
Involve local communities in the planning and development process to ensure spaces reflect local needs and identities.
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Neighborhood Identity Through Street Design
Use street design to express and reinforce the unique identity of a neighborhood.
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Promote Social Interaction
Design urban environments to foster social contact, essential for happiness and well-being.
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Subculture Boundary
Thick, functional boundaries between subcultures keep them from dissolving each other.
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Emphasize Local Identity
Strengthen the identity of a place to resist the homogenizing forces of modernity.
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Legible City Structure
Cities should have a clear and easily readable structure to help people form effective mental maps of the environment.
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Social Infrastructure
A robust social infrastructure supports community cohesion and stability.
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Well-Defined Edges
Create well-defined edges in cities to provide clarity and transition between different urban areas.
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Identifiable Neighborhood
People need a neighborhood they can name, whose edges and center they know.
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Distinguish Space from Place
Recognize and maintain the distinction between abstract space and lived place to enhance human experience.
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Embrace Site's Natural Logic
Design with the inherent characteristics and constraints of a site rather than imposing external designs.
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Meaningful Place Names
Use place names that reflect the cultural and historical significance to foster a deeper connection and sense of identity.
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Preserve Vernacular Architecture
Maintain and celebrate local architectural styles to enhance a sense of place.
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Neighborhood Boundary
A neighborhood becomes real only when its boundary is more than a line on a map.
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Celebrate Historical Continuity
Incorporate historical elements into modern designs to strengthen place identity.
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Community-Centric Planning
Planning decisions should prioritize community interests over top-down approaches.
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Create Lived Environments
Develop environments that reflect human experiences and values rather than abstract measurements or efficiency.
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Informal Resident Control
Encourage informal control by residents by designing spaces that feel owned and cared for.
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Street Vendor Markets
Designate and support spaces for street vendors to contribute to urban life and economy.
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Visual Termination of Streets
Jacobs notes that streets with a visual endpoint, like a significant architectural feature, create a sense of place and orientation.
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Web of Public Transportation
Public transit should weave a continuous web, not a few disconnected trunk lines.
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Accessible Edges
Ensure the edges where two districts meet are accessible and engage with people rather than form barriers.
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Concentration of People
Dense urban areas stimulate economic and cultural vitality.
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Diverse Economic Base
Cities thrive when they cultivate a diverse range of economic activities and industries.
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Encourage Walking and Cycling
Prioritize walking and cycling in urban planning to enhance health and happiness.
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Freeway-Centric Development
Suburban office-retail agglomerations grow around freeway interchanges, creating Edge Cities with their own economy and culture.
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Optimize Public Transport Systems
Develop efficient public transportation networks that enhance connectivity and reduce reliance on private vehicles.
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Spatial Sequence
A sequence of different spaces leading into and out of squares can enhance their appeal and use.
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Transit-Oriented Development
Develop neighborhoods around robust public transit systems to enhance connectivity and reduce car dependency.
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Ring Roads
Use ring roads to keep through-traffic out of living areas while still letting it move freely.
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Dense Network of Transit
Establish a comprehensive public transit network within cities to reduce reliance on personal vehicles.
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Efficient Urban Transport
Urban transport systems should be efficient and multifaceted, allowing for effective movement within and between neighborhoods.
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Network of Learning
Learning happens everywhere; spread small schools, workshops and masters across the city.
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Experience of Landscapes
Understand that landscapes are experienced emotionally and culturally, not just visually or scientifically.
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Mediated Technological Impact
Technology should serve the community without dominating or disrupting the social fabric.
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Public Spaces as Destinations
Transform public spaces into destinations people want to go to, rather than just pass through.
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Responsive Urban Planning
Plan cities responsively, taking into account the feedback and needs of their inhabitants to ensure relevance and sustainability.
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Web of Shopping
Distribute shops to match where people actually walk, not to force them into malls.
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Old Buildings for New Uses
Older buildings allow for economic and functional diversity by accommodating diverse uses.
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Street Networks
Develop a connected network of streets to better distribute traffic and increase accessibility.
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Mini-Buses
Small, flexible buses that respond to demand serve neighborhoods better than rigid routes.
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Four-Story Limit
No building more than four stories tall — people lose touch with the ground above that.
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Building Heights in Scale with Street Width
Jacobs stresses that building heights should be in proportion to street width to maintain a comfortable urban scale and prevent towering, oppressive structures.
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Nine Per Cent Parking
Never give more than nine per cent of a district's land to parking.
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Parallel Roads
A few parallel through-roads are better than one wide artery that splits a neighborhood.
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Mixed-Use Traffic Lanes
Design streets that allow various modes of transport to coexist in harmony.
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Sacred Sites
Every locality has sites of historical or spiritual meaning; protect and acknowledge them.
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Visual Landmarks
Incorporating landmarks or focal points into squares enhances orientation and identity.
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Access to Water
Keep the edges of rivers, lakes and seas public and walkable.
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Human-Scale Proportions
Public spaces should be designed with human-scale elements to enhance comfort and interaction.
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Quiet Residential Streets
Limit traffic flow on residential streets to maintain quiet and safe environments for residents.
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Wildlife Corridors in Urban Design
Design urban areas to include wildlife corridors for preserving local ecosystems.
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Life Cycle
A community holds every stage of life, from birth to death, visibly together.
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Men and Women
Balance the rhythms of men's and women's lives in the public and domestic space of a town.
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Eccentric Nucleus
Each community has a slightly off-center heart of intense activity, not a symmetric center.
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Density Rings
Density falls off in rings from the center, gradually, without hard edges.
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City’s Core and Periphery
A dynamic balance between a city's core and its periphery supports overall urban stability and resilience.
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Activity Nodes
Concentrate public activities at a few nodes, close together, so each amplifies the others.
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Asymmetrical Square Design
Designing squares with asymmetrical layouts makes them more visually engaging and adaptable to different uses.
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Cultural Nodes
Establish cultural nodes where cultural expressions and interactions can flourish, enhancing the city's identity.
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Distinctive Landmarks
Strategically place noticeable and symbolic landmarks to aid in navigation and create identity within a city.
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Encourage Mixed-Use Neighborhoods
Design neighborhoods with a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment spaces to enhance community bonds and satisfaction.
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Functional Diversity in Squares
Squares should accommodate diverse functions to remain lively and engaging.
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Human-Scale Street Widths
Jacobs argues that the best streets maintain a width that promotes human interaction and comfort, typically not exceeding 70 feet, including sidewalks.
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Mixed-Use Development
Develop mixed-use buildings and neighborhoods to activate urban areas throughout the day and night.
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Multi-Use Destinations
Design public spaces with multiple activities or uses to attract a wider range of visitors and sustain engagement.
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Nodes of Activity
Establish nodes of activity where paths intersect to concentrate social and economic activities, enhancing urban vibrancy.
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Power of Ten
Ensure public spaces offer at least ten things to do, see, or experience to foster lively and engaging environments.
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Presence of Other People
Whyte observed that people attract more people; the presence of others is often the most attractive feature of a public space.
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Variety in Public Space
Ensure variety in public spaces to cater to different preferences and activities.
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Promenade
A place for people to walk back and forth in the evening, seeing and being seen.
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Easy Access and Linkages
Ensure public spaces are easily accessible and well-connected to surrounding regions to maximize usage.
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Human Scale
Design cities at a human scale to support comfortable and intuitive human interaction within the urban environment.
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Human-Scaled Urban Spaces
Design urban environments at a human scale to enhance comfort and walkability.
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Sequential Experience
Design urban spaces to offer a sequence of experiences, enhancing one's journey and engagement with the environment.
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Traffic-Free Zones
Designate pedestrian-only areas to enhance street community and safety.
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Variety of Districts
Compose a city with a variety of distinct districts, each with a unique character, to cater to different functions and experiences.
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Visual Connections to the Street
Whyte found that plazas with strong visual connections to adjacent streets were more vibrant and integrated.
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Walkable Streets
Suburbs should be designed with walkable streets to enhance community interaction and reduce reliance on cars.
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Shopping Street
A shopping street has shops on both sides, narrow enough to see across.
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Active Frontages
Design building frontages to engage with the street and support street life.
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Inviting Ground-Level Activities
Ground-level activities should be inviting and active to enhance street life and engagement.
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Pedestrian Priority Zones
Designate specific areas within cities where pedestrian access and safety are prioritized over motor vehicles.
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Retail Characterized by Hyper-Mart Culture
Edge Cities feature a retail culture dominated by large hypermarkets catering to an auto-dependent population.
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Support Local Businesses
Encourage and sustain local businesses to enhance the sense of community and place.
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Night Life
Cluster nighttime places so that nobody walks alone through dark empty streets.
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Interchange
Transit interchanges work only if you can walk between lines without detours or barriers.
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Household Mix
A neighborhood mixes households of every size, age and income.
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Diverse Housing Options
Provide a range of housing types within neighborhoods to accommodate diverse needs and promote inclusivity.
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Degrees of Publicness
Housing is arranged so that some is intensely public and some deeply private, with everything between.
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House Cluster
Houses group in clusters of 8–12 around a shared place.
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Cultural Imprints in Landscapes
Recognize and preserve cultural imprints in landscapes to maintain historical continuity and community identity.
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Replacement Ratio
Balance the introduction of new buildings with the preservation of old to maintain urban diversity.
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Territorial Zoning
Residential areas should be divided into small clusters with defined boundaries to foster a sense of ownership and safety.
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Row Houses
Row houses fit where small plots abut; share walls but give each its own face.
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Compatible Building Forms
Integrate building forms that respect and enhance the existing urban fabric, fostering cohesion and continuity.
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Housing Hill
At higher densities, step housing up a slope so everyone still gets ground, light and a view.
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Old People Everywhere
Old people must live among the young; isolate them and they wither.
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Adaptive Reuse of Buildings
Existing buildings should be adapted for new uses rather than demolished, preserving material resources and cultural value.
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Respect for Historical Context
Respect and incorporate historical context to enrich urban spaces with character and identity.
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Work Community
Workplaces group into communities of 10–20 where people know each other's work.
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Mixed-Use Districts
Mixing residential, commercial, and industrial uses in a district enhances its vitality and resilience.
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Permeable Overlapping Uses
Overlap of different urban functions creates vibrant public spaces that adapt to varied uses over time.
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Temporal Adaptability
Design urban spaces that can adapt to change over time to remain functional and relevant.
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Industrial Ribbon
Industrial land forms ribbons along rail and river, accessible but not imposing on housing.
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University as a Marketplace
Open the university onto the city; let courses and workshops mix with shops and cafes.
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Local Town Hall
Every 7,000-person community has its own modest town hall, not a remote municipal building.
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Create Places with Unique Character
Design spaces that reflect and amplify their unique cultural, historical, and physical contexts.
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Defined Public Space
Create public spaces that are clearly defined and integrated into community life to enhance social interaction.
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Legacy Urbanism
Preserve and adapt historic urban frameworks and patterns for contemporary use.
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Necklace of Community Projects
Around the town hall, a ring of small civic projects people can actually join.
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Market of Many Shops
A market is many small shops under one loose roof, not a single supermarket.
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Food as Urban Magnet
Food vendors and cafes act as magnets in public spaces, drawing people and contributing to a lively atmosphere.
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Health Center
Health care is a small neighborhood center for keeping well, not a distant hospital for emergencies.
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Housing In Between
Housing belongs everywhere — between offices, shops, workshops — not in separate tracts.
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Looped Local Roads
Local roads loop so no street becomes a shortcut for strangers.
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T Junctions
Prefer T-junctions to crossroads; traffic slows, buildings face the intersection.
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Green Streets
Most local streets can be narrow green lanes with grass and trees, not paved throughways.
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Integrate Natural Elements
Integrate natural elements into urban environments to enhance comfort and well-being.
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Integrate Nature with Urban Living
Create urban green spaces to foster human well-being by maintaining a connection to nature.
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Tree Canopy in Streets
Jacobs identifies that trees lining streets promote environmental comfort, aesthetic appeal, and a sense of enclosure.
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Trees for Comfort and Aesthetic
Trees contribute to the comfort, aesthetics, and usability of urban plazas, providing shade and improving air quality.
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Urban Green Corridors
Integrate green corridors within urban landscapes to enhance biodiversity and provide community spaces.
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Vegetation Overlay in Planning
Integrate native vegetation patterns in site planning for ecological balance and aesthetic.
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Network of Paths and Cars
Weave walking paths and car roads in separate but intersecting webs.
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Human-Scaled Streets
Design streets that accommodate people on foot as much as vehicles to foster community and livability.
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Public Transport Access
Ensure developments are linked by reliable public transportation to reduce car dependency and increase access.
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Shorter Block Lengths
Jacobs suggests shorter block lengths to increase walkability and create more intersection points, enhancing street vitality.
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Main Gateways
Mark every district's entrance with a gateway you can feel as you pass through.
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Proximity to Pedestrian Flows
Whyte highlighted that successful plazas are closely situated to major pedestrian routes, ensuring a natural flow of people.
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Road Crossing
Design road crossings so that pedestrians, not cars, dominate.
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Raised Walk
Where cars and people must share space, raise the walkway a handspan above the road.
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Bike Paths and Racks
Give bikes their own continuous paths and a place to lock up at every destination.
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Children in the City
Children need to move through the whole city on their own, safely.
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Carnival
Every city needs a season of carnival — open, unruly, participatory.
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Quiet Backs
Behind the busiest places, always leave a quiet back for retreat.
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Accessible Green
Green open space within three minutes' walk of every home.
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Design for Universal Accessibility
Ensure urban spaces are accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities, to promote equitable use and inclusion.
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Enhance Accessibility to Diverse Spaces
Ensure a variety of spaces are easily accessible to foster a dynamic sense of place.
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Privatized Public Space
Privatization of public spaces limits access and diversity, turning cities into exclusive enclaves.
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Small Public Squares
Public squares work best when they are small — 60 feet across, not acres.
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Comfortable Places to Sit
Provide comfortable seating to encourage people to linger and engage in social activities.
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Human Scale Design
Buildings and streets should be designed to human scale, promoting comfort and engagement rather than overwhelming individuals.
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Human-Scaled Buildings
Design buildings at a human scale to enhance comfort and interaction at street level.
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Intimate Spaces
Create spaces that encourage intimate interactions and personal connections to develop a sense of place.
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Irregular Square Layout
Squares with irregular shapes and varied dimensions create a more dynamic and appealing urban space than geometrically uniform plazas.
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Observation and Participation Opportunities
Create opportunities for both observation and participation to enhance community interaction.
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Street Intricacy
Streets with varied activities and small-scale surprises hold pedestrian interest and encourage exploration.
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High Places
Every district has a high place to climb, from which you can see the whole.
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Dancing in the Street
Leave room, and reason, for people to dance in the street together.
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Pools and Streams
Keep water visible, walkable-to, and touchable in the fabric of the town.
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Birth Places
Small local places where women give birth among family and neighbors, not distant hospitals.
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Holy Ground
A place for the dead, the sacred, or the transcendent — within every community.
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Historical Layers
A city's historic layers should be preserved to maintain continuity and identity.
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Common Land
Every house has access to a piece of common land, held and used in common.
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Foster Topophilia
Strengthen the bonds of affection between people and their environments to enhance civic pride and responsibility.
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Public Spaces as Social Catalysts
Vital public spaces foster social interaction and community engagement, leading to healthier urban life.
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Connected Play
Children's play space must connect — one yard to the next — into a continuous territory.
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Public Outdoor Room
Make outdoor rooms where groups can gather at all hours, not just passageways.
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Defined Civic Spaces
Design civic spaces to be central and defined, serving as focal points of community life.
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Enclosed Squares
Enclosure provided by surrounding buildings gives squares a more intimate and inviting atmosphere.
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Engaging the Senses
Design spaces that stimulate the senses to encourage exploration and engagement.
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Hierarchical Public Spaces
Public spaces should be organized in a hierarchy from most public to most private to clarify ownership and control.
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Lack of Public Space Maturity
Edge Cities often struggle to develop public spaces that foster a sense of community and place.
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Public Interaction Spaces
Develop open spaces for public interaction that support community engagement and inclusivity.
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Sociable Environments
Develop public spaces that encourage social interaction and community engagement.
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Grave Sites
Small grave sites, nearby, so the dead stay part of community life.
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Still Water
Still water — a pond, a reflecting pool — settles the nerves of a place.
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Local Sports
Small local sports fields within walking distance, not distant stadiums.
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Seasonal Design Variability
Plan urban spaces with seasonal variability to keep them attractive and functional year-round.
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Adventure Playground
Children need places they can rebuild with their own hands; not polished playgrounds.
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Interactivity in Public Spaces
Public spaces that offer interactive elements engage visitors and enhance social activity.
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Animals
Animals must be present in the city — for children, for food, for company.
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The Family
Households should support family in its many real forms, not the idealized nuclear one.
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House for a Small Family
A small family needs enough common space that it doesn't squeeze itself apart.
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House for a Couple
A couple's house must protect intimacy without locking them into a single room.
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House for One Person
A house for one person is a whole tiny world — not a compromised apartment.
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Your Own Home
Every family needs a home it can shape over time, not a rental it can't change.
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Self-Governing Workshops and Offices
Small workplaces governed by the people who work there, not owned from elsewhere.
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Small Services Without Red Tape
Government services should be storefronts a person can walk into — not remote bureaucracies.
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Office Connections
Connect offices so people walk through each other's work and meet at the edges.
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Corporate Enclaves
Edge Cities function as enclaves of corporate office space, separate from traditional residential neighborhoods.
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Master and Apprentices
Workshops where older workers teach by doing, with younger ones alongside them.
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Teenage Society
Teenagers need their own half-independent society, visible to but not owned by adults.
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Shopfront Schools
Small schools in shopfronts on the street, not isolated campuses behind fences.
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Children's Home
For children without families, a small house and a few consistent adults — not an institution.
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Individually Owned Shops
Support individually owned shops over chains — they give the street its character.
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Centralized Power Fallacy
The concentration of power in a single entity or central authority often leads to bureaucratic inertia and disconnection from communal needs.
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Corner Stores
Corner stores contribute to neighborhood cohesion and convenience with their accessibility and familiarity.
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Local Economic Nodes
Develop small, diverse, locally-owned economic centers within neighborhoods to foster community resilience.
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Street Cafe
Every neighborhood needs at least one cafe where you can sit outside and watch life go by.
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Adaptable Public Spaces
Public spaces should be adaptable to changing uses and needs over time to maintain relevance.
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Integrated Street Furniture
Well-integrated street furniture, such as benches, trash bins, and lights, enhances the usability of public spaces.
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Sidewalk Interaction
Sidewalks should facilitate social interactions to strengthen community bonds.
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Street Social Spaces
Integrate seating and gathering spaces into street design to promote social interaction.
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Vibrant Sidewalks
Create sidewalks that support and encourage frequent social use and pedestrian activities.
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Corner Grocery
Small groceries at the corners of neighborhoods, close enough to walk to for a single item.
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Integrated Edges
Design square edges to integrate adjacent buildings, enhancing the flow and use of space.
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Beer Hall
A large public room, warmly lit, where drinking is social and unhurried.
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Traveler's Inn
Small inns where strangers and locals overlap — not anonymous chain hotels.
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Bus Stop
Bus stops become small social places when they're sheltered and part of other activities.
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Food Stands
Permanent street food stands scattered on busy corners.
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Sleeping in Public
A humane city lets people sleep in public without criminalizing them.
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Building Complex
Prefer many small buildings joined into a complex over one single giant building.
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Transition Zones
Create transition zones between public and private spaces to control movement and increase safety.
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Number of Stories
Keep most buildings between one and four stories; go higher only for good reason.
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Shielded Parking
Parking should be shielded from the street and the rooms that face it.
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Circulation Realms
Break circulation into distinct realms that overlap, instead of endless corridors.
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Main Building
A complex of buildings needs one main building that dominates in a clear way.
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Pedestrian Street
Inside a complex, a central path becomes a pedestrian street lined with entrances.
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Design for Weather Protection
Incorporate weather protection into pedestrian pathways to ensure usability in various conditions.
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Network of Paths
Create a comprehensive network of safe and accessible paths to improve connectivity and movement throughout the city.
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Short Blocks
Short city blocks encourage pedestrian movement, fostering a vibrant street life.
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Social Pathways
Design pathways and walkways to encourage social interactions and surveillance.
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Building Thoroughfare
When a building must be crossed, make the path through it a real street with shops and light.
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Family of Entrances
Group the entrances of a complex into a family you can see all at once.
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Shared Courtyards
Design shared courtyards in residential complexes to promote communal use and safety through mutual oversight.
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Small Parking Lots
Break parking into many small lots, never a single sea of asphalt.
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Site Repair
Build on the worst part of the site, leaving the best parts alone.
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Develop with Soil Profiles
Incorporate detailed soil analysis into site design to ensure sustainable land use.
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Preserve Natural Landforms
Respect and incorporate natural landforms into the built environment to maintain ecological and aesthetic value.
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Use Land Capability Analysis
Evaluate land capabilities to determine the most suitable types of development and use.
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South Facing Outdoors
Place important outdoor spaces to the south of the buildings that bound them.
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Positive Outdoor Space
Outdoor space must feel like a shaped room, not leftover land.
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Comfort and Image
Design public spaces to be comfortable and aesthetically pleasing to encourage frequent use.
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Defensible Property Lines
Clearly demarcate property lines to foster ownership and security.
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Experience of Fear in Spaces
Acknowledge and mitigate the experience of fear in spaces to make them welcoming and inclusive.
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Wings of Light
Build in long thin wings so every room gets daylight from two sides.
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Connected Buildings
Link buildings to each other along their edges, not by corridors across gaps.
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Long Thin House
The best houses are long and thin — every room has outdoor contact on at least one side.
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Main Entrance
A main entrance must be visible from the way people first approach — not hidden.
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Controlled Access Points
Limit access points in multi-family dwellings to enhance security and community oversight.
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111
Half-Hidden Garden
Place the main garden between the street and the house — half seen, half private.
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112
Entrance Transition
Make a real transition of a few steps between street and front door: change of light, level, or direction.
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Home Territory Extension
Encourage territorial markings by residents to define and protect their perceived home territory.
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Sense of Enclosure
Create a sense of enclosure in shared spaces to enhance safety and community.
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113
Car Connection
Let the car reach the house gracefully without dominating the entrance.
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114
Hierarchy of Open Space
Outdoor spaces nest: courtyard within yard, yard within neighborhood.
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115
Courtyards Which Live
Courtyards need at least two entrances, a view out, and a reason to cross them.
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116
Cascade of Roofs
Roofs cascade from the main ridge down to small sheltered edges.
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117
Sheltering Roof
A roof must shelter not only the rooms but the feeling of the building beneath it.
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118
Roof Garden
On flat roofs, make gardens people actually use.
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119
Arcades
Arcades along building edges blur inside and outside.
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Active Ground Floors
Jacobs argues that ground floors rich with activity are essential for a lively street life and community engagement.
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Continuous Building Frontage
Jacobs emphasizes the importance of uninterrupted building lines for an inviting and engaging street scene.
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Eyes on the Street
Streets are safer when watched by people from the buildings lining them.
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120
Paths and Goals
Lay paths out to follow where people actually want to walk, not designer's lines.
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121
Path Shape
Paths widen and narrow; they are places, not conveyors.
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Natural Surveillance
Design residential environments to maximize visibility of public spaces to deter crime.
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122
Building Fronts
Building fronts must face outward to the street — the front is a social act.
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Animated Facades
Building facades facing squares should have varied and interesting designs to contribute to the square's vitality.
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123
Pedestrian Density
Concentrate people in public space: 150 square feet per person feels alive, more feels empty.
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124
Activity Pockets
Life happens at the edges of a space, in small pockets around the main flow.
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125
Stair Seats
Where steps meet a public space, they become seats.
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126
Something Roughly in the Middle
Every public space needs something roughly at its center to anchor activity.
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127
Intimacy Gradient
Arrange rooms in a sequence from most public at the entrance to most private at the back.
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128
Indoor Sunlight
Put the rooms where people spend the day on the sunny side.
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129
Common Areas at the Heart
The common areas of a household sit at the heart where daily paths cross them.
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130
Entrance Room
An entrance needs a real room, not a corridor — for taking off coats and greeting.
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131
The Flow Through Rooms
Major rooms have two ways in so movement flows through, not to a dead end.
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132
Short Passages
Keep corridors short, wide, and full of light; long dim passages kill a building.
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133
Staircase as a Stage
The main stair is a small stage where people arrive and part.
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134
Zen View
Frame a beautiful view so it must be sought — don't expose it all at once.
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Reflective Spaces
Incorporate spaces that allow for reflection and contemplation, enhancing the personal connection to the place.
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135
Tapestry of Light and Dark
Rooms alternate light and dark; one uniform brightness flattens everything.
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136
Couple's Realm
A couple needs a realm of their own at one end of the house.
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137
Children's Realm
Children need a cluster of small rooms and passages they can call theirs.
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138
Sleeping to the East
Bedrooms face east to wake with the sun.
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139
Farmhouse Kitchen
A large kitchen everyone eats and works in — not an efficient galley.
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140
Private Terrace on the Street
Each dwelling has a small private terrace on the street, a half-step up.
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141
A Room of One's Own
Every person in a household needs a room, however small, that is theirs alone.
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142
Sequence of Sitting Spaces
A house has a sequence of sitting places, each with a different character.
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143
Bed Cluster
Children's beds cluster in one room or wing, not in separate isolated bedrooms.
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144
Bathing Room
A real bathing room — warm, with views out — not a windowless bathroom.
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145
Bulk Storage
Set aside one big room or area for bulk storage — otherwise it eats into living space.
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146
Flexible Office Space
Office layouts must be reconfigurable by the people who use them, on the day.
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147
Communal Eating
Any group working together needs a place to eat together every day.
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148
Small Work Groups
Subdivide an office into groups of 6–12 so conversation and overhearing work.
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149
Reception Welcomes You
A reception must welcome, not process, arrivals.
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150
A Place to Wait
Waiting places need quiet corners to think in, not just chairs in a row.
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151
Small Meeting Rooms
Many small meeting rooms work better than one big conference room.
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152
Half-Private Office
Offices are half-open — not private cells nor open plan — so people can choose engagement.
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153
Rooms to Rent
Every neighborhood has rooms you can rent for a month or a year — lodgings, not hotels.
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154
Teenager's Cottage
Give teenagers a small cottage or attached room with its own entrance.
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155
Old Age Cottage
Old people need a cottage close to family, not folded into a spare bedroom.
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156
Settled Work
Work at home in a part of the house set up for it, not in a corner of the kitchen table.
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157
Home Workshop
Every house has a small workshop for making and mending.
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158
Open Stairs
Stairs are open to the rooms they serve, not hidden behind doors.
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159
Light on Two Sides of Every Room
Every room worth being in has windows on at least two sides.
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160
Building Edge
The edge of a building is a place to live — not just a wall.
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161
Sunny Place
Make a sunny outdoor spot just outside the most-used room.
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Sunlit Spaces
Sun provides warmth and vitality to urban spaces, drawing people in and encouraging congregation.
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162
North Face
The north face of a building is a cool working side; put workshops, storage, laundry there.
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163
Outdoor Room
Build outdoor rooms with real walls of hedge or trellis, a ceiling of leaves, and a floor.
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Create Safe Public Spaces
Design public spaces to be universally welcoming and safe, enhancing communal use and enjoyment.
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Engaging Edges
Engage pedestrians with active and aesthetically pleasing edges.
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Movable Seating
Whyte observed that plazas become more social with movable seating, allowing people to control personal space and encourage interactions.
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Soft Edges and Transitions
Create soft edges and transitions between public and private spaces to encourage permeability and interaction.
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164
Street Windows
Windows on the street carry the life of the house outward.
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165
Opening to the Street
Ground-floor rooms open directly to the street where possible.
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Visible Signs of Care
Maintain public spaces to demonstrate care and management, thus enhancing user experience and safety.
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166
Gallery Surround
A gallery surrounding the upper floor gives life to every room on it.
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167
Six-Foot Balcony
Balconies must be at least six feet deep to be usable; shallower ones are empty.
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168
Connection to the Earth
A building touches the earth; keep its lowest floor close to the ground.
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169
Terraced Slope
On slopes, build terraces — plants and people need level ground.
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170
Fruit Trees
Plant fruit trees near the house — they combine beauty, shade, and food.
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171
Tree Places
Make tree places: each tree a room with seating beneath it.
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172
Garden Growing Wild
Leave part of every garden to grow wild.
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173
Garden Wall
A low wall makes a garden a garden; without it, it's just yard.
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174
Trellised Walk
A trellis-covered walk is the best transition between buildings and gardens.
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175
Greenhouse
Every house gets a small greenhouse — a room for winter plants and warmth.
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176
Garden Seat
A garden needs a single quiet seat where one person can sit and be alone.
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177
Vegetable Garden
Vegetable gardens belong close to the kitchen, not at the far end of the yard.
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178
Compost
A compost heap where kitchen and garden meet.
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179
Alcoves
Every large room needs alcoves — small bays where one or two people can nest apart.
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180
Window Place
Every room needs a place at a window to sit, read, or stare out.
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181
The Fire
A fire — real or apparent — is the heart of a house.
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182
Eating Atmosphere
Eating places must hold the light low, the space snug, around the table.
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183
Workspace Enclosure
A workspace is enclosed on at least two sides, open on the other two.
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184
Cooking Layout
The cook must see out, see in, and work along a continuous surface.
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185
Sitting Circle
Sitting places work when chairs make a rough circle, not a line.
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Multiple Levels of Seating
Providing a variety of seating heights and levels in public spaces accommodates different activities and preferences.
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186
Communal Sleeping
Some groups live better when they sleep together in one big room.
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187
Marriage Bed
The marriage bed is an anchor; give it weight, light, and a room of its own.
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188
Bed Alcove
A bed should be in an alcove, not a loose object in an empty room.
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189
Dressing Room
A real dressing room, however small, beats a closet in a bedroom.
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190
Ceiling Height Variety
Vary ceiling height room to room — not every room wants the same height.
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191
The Shape of Indoor Space
Indoor rooms want irregular shapes that respond to use, not perfect rectangles.
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192
Windows Overlooking Life
Put windows where they overlook life, not parking lots or blank walls.
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193
Half-Open Wall
Walls between rooms are best when partially open — a half-wall, a sideways doorway, an opening overhead.
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Defined Personal Space
Ensure each household has a clearly defined personal space separate from shared areas.
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194
Interior Windows
Interior windows connect rooms to each other when outer windows alone can't.
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195
Staircase Volume
Treat the staircase as a three-dimensional volume, not a diagonal of wasted space.
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196
Corner Doors
Doors in the corner of a room leave the walls free for furniture.
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197
Thick Walls
Make the walls thick enough to hold shelves, nooks and window seats in them.
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198
Closets Between Rooms
Use closets as acoustic barriers between rooms.
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199
Sunny Counter
The kitchen counter belongs under a sunny window.
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200
Open Shelves
Most of what you own should be on open shelves, visible and accessible.
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201
Waist-High Shelf
A continuous shelf at waist height along a room wall gathers life.
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202
Built-In Seats
Built-in seats along windows and walls turn edges into living places.
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203
Child Caves
Children need caves — small enclosures they can crawl into, under a stair or in a wall.
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204
Secret Place
Every house needs one secret place — a small hidden room, chamber, or cupboard.
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205
Structure Follows Social Spaces
Let the structural plan emerge from the social plan, not the reverse.
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206
Efficient Structure
Efficient structure tapers to bearings; fat where load is greatest, thin where it isn't.
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207
Good Materials
Choose materials that age well, can be worked by hand, and can be repaired in place.
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208
Gradual Stiffening
Build loose, then stiffen as you know the building is right — don't lock in early.
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209
Roof Layout
Lay the roof out to follow the rooms beneath it.
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210
Floor and Ceiling Layout
Each floor's structure follows the rooms above and below, not a rigid grid.
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211
Thickening the Outer Walls
The outer walls hold life — thicken them for windows, shelves, seats.
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212
Columns at the Corners
Place structural columns at the corners of rooms, not through them.
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213
Final Column Distribution
Distribute columns along walls until the building can stand — then stop.
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214
Root Foundations
Foundations should root into the ground — broad feet, not narrow stilts.
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215
Ground Floor Slab
Make the ground floor a real mass — a slab that ties the building to the earth.
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216
Box Columns
Build columns as hollow boxes that can be filled with wiring, plumbing, or shelves.
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217
Perimeter Beams
Perimeter beams tie the building together at every floor.
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218
Wall Membrane
Walls are membranes between columns — skin, not structure.
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219
Floor-Ceiling Vaults
Build floors and ceilings as shallow vaults — they carry load far better than slabs.
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220
Roof Vaults
Roofs can be vaulted too; vaults are easier to build and feel than flat roofs.
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221
Natural Doors and Windows
Don't pre-fabricate all openings — leave room to place them where light and view invite.
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222
Low Sill
Window sills belong low — 12 to 14 inches — so you can see out while sitting.
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223
Deep Reveals
Reveal the thickness of walls at windows — it softens the light.
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224
Low Doorway
A low doorway at a threshold slows you down and marks arrival.
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225
Frames as Thickened Edges
Door and window frames are thickened edges — give them real depth.
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226
Column Place
Each column makes a small place around it — recognize it, don't hide it.
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227
Column Connection
Columns connect to what they carry through a visible capital — not a sharp line.
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228
Stair Vault
Build the stair as a vault — it's self-supporting and it thickens the wall it rises against.
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229
Duct Space
Leave continuous duct space where wires and pipes can be added or replaced later.
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230
Radiant Heat
Heat is best when it radiates from large warm surfaces — floors, walls — not from blowing air.
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231
Dormer Windows
Dormers turn an attic into a room.
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232
Roof Caps
A cap or lantern at the highest point of the roof finishes the form.
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233
Floor Surface
Floors shift surface between rooms — hard near entrances, soft near sitting.
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234
Lapped Outside Walls
Outer walls lap and weather in layers, not flush cladding.
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235
Soft Inside Walls
Inside walls are best when slightly soft to the touch — plaster, wood, not hard gypsum.
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236
Windows Which Open Wide
Windows should open fully — at least half their area, not a small hopper.
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237
Solid Doors with Glass
Main doors are solid with a pane of glass — you can see and still shut.
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238
Filtered Light
Filter direct sun through leaves, lattice, or trellis; raw sun is blinding.
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239
Small Panes
Break large panes into small ones — the light pattern is livelier and scale is human.
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240
Half-Inch Trim
Trim elements at half-inch increments — thick enough to hold a shadow line.
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241
Seat Spots
Every outdoor space has spots where sitting feels natural — mark them with real seats.
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242
Front Door Bench
A bench beside the front door welcomes arrivals and lingerers.
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243
Sitting Wall
Low walls at seat height double as seats wherever they run.
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Craftsmanship in Street Details
Well-crafted street details enhance a street's character and user experience, as reflected in Jacobs' studies of great streets around the world.
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244
Canvas Roofs
Canvas roofs shelter outdoor rooms in summer, roll back in winter.
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245
Raised Flowers
Raise flower beds to waist height so they can be tended and smelled.
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246
Climbing Plants
Grow climbing plants on walls and trellises — they cool, shade, and soften buildings.
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247
Paving with Cracks Between the Stones
Leave cracks in paving for grass and insects — a living floor.
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248
Soft Tile and Brick
Use soft, hand-made tile and brick; machine-hard surfaces never acquire life.
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249
Ornament
Ornament where edges meet — not pasted on, but at real joints.
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250
Warm Colors
Warm colors on indoor surfaces — cool colors only accent them.
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251
Different Chairs
Never furnish with identical chairs — every chair should be itself.
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252
Pools of Light
Light rooms in pools — several small lights, not one uniform ceiling fixture.
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•
Water Features in Plazas
Water features attract people, offering aesthetic pleasure and a sense of tranquility in urban environments.
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253
Things from Your Life
Fill a house with objects from your own life, not decorator's choices.
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Boulevards with Multiple Roles
The design of boulevards should accommodate various activities and transport modes while maintaining a cohesive urban fabric, as per Jacobs' analysis of successful boulevards.
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•
Craftsman-Like Detailing
Incorporate craftsmanship and authenticity in building details to enrich architectural experience and foster local identity.
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•
Edge Cities as Transit Hubs
Edge Cities serve as hubs for suburban transit, facilitating the movement of people and goods.
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•
Empathetic Urban Design
Design urban spaces that empathize with the lived experiences of its inhabitants.
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•
Gradual Money
Local economies thrive when investment is gradual and responsive, rather than large and rigid.
town
•
Green Corridors
Integrate green corridors into urban areas to connect neighborhoods and provide recreational spaces.
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•
Integrate Nature into Urban Spaces
Incorporate natural elements into urban environments to enhance their distinctiveness and livability.
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Multilayered Ecological Site Analysis
Use overlays of ecological data for informed decision-making in planning and development.
town
•
Parking Accommodates Density
Provisions for extensive parking are necessary for the dense development of Edge Cities.
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Population Diversity
A diverse cross-section of residents enriches the social and economic fabric of a city.
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Prioritize Short Commutes
Long commutes decrease happiness; design urban areas to enable shorter travel times between home and work.
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•
Promiscuous Street Uses
Encourage a mix of various, overlapping street uses to create vibrant urban areas.
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•
Respect Natural Hydrology
Overlay a site's hydrological patterns onto development plans to protect water cycles.
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•
Short Walking Distances
Facilitate short walking distances to encourage people to engage in optional and social activities.
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Traffic Calming Measures
Implement design measures to slow down traffic to ensure a lively and sociable street environment.
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Visual Permeability
Maximize visual transparency between private and shared spaces to promote safety and connection.
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Sources (19)
Christopher Alexander
253
Jane Jacobs
15
Lewis Mumford
14
Kevin Lynch
14
Oscar Newman
12
Jan Gehl
12
William H. Whyte
11
Edward Relph
10
Yi-Fu Tuan
10
Camillo Sitte
10
Ian McHarg
10
Charles Montgomery
10
Allan B. Jacobs
10
Donald Appleyard
10
Fred Kent & Project for Public Spaces
9
James Howard Kunstler
9
Andrés Duany & Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
9
Joel Garreau
6
Mike Davis
3
2. The Distribution of Towns — A Pattern Language